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	pdftitle={IGCSE History Core Content Revision},
	pdfauthor={Cynthia Jia, Katharina Mueller, Runxi Yu},
	pdfsubject={For examinations in 2024, 2025, and 2026}
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\pdf_title "IGCSE History Core Content Revision"
\pdf_author "Cynthia Jia, Katharina Mueller, and Runxi Yu"
\pdf_subject "For examinations in 2024, 2025, and 2026"
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\begin_body

\begin_layout Subject
IGCSE History
\end_layout

\begin_layout Title
Revision Sheets
\end_layout

\begin_layout Author
Option B
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

The twentieth century
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

International relations from 1919
\end_layout

\begin_layout Date
For Examinations in 2024, 2025, and 2026
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset CommandInset toc
LatexCommand tableofcontents

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Part
The Inter-war Years, 1919–39
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Was the Treaty of Versailles fair?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
What were the motives and aims of the Big Three at Versailles?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Wilson / USA:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
The US did not suffer much during the war: 150,000 total deaths, 2 billion
 pounds.
 Became the world's richest economy by selling military equipment, etc.
 It is also far away from Europe with the Atlantic as a barriar.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Wilson and the general public thus generally focusd on preventing further
 wars and thus want to cause minimal resentment in Germany, rather than
 receiving reparations and such.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Wanted democracy and self-determination in all regions including colonies.
 This clashes with Lloyd George's aims of strengthening the British empire.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Fourteen points: Self-determination for countries and present colonies;
 no secret treaties, transparency; free access to the seas; free trade;
 disarmament; border adjustments.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Lloyd George / Britain:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
1 million deaths, 8 billion pounds.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Not in immediate threat from Germany because of the English Channel.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Would love to maintain its naval supremacy, and would love for Germany to
 lose all its colonies for colonial supremacy.
 This clashes with Wilson's self-determination.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Clemenceau / France:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
1.4 million deaths, 5 billion pounds.
 Large areas of land and industry destroyed.
 Decreasing population.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Has a weak land border with Germany.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Subsection
Why did the victors not get everything they wanted?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Note
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
The roles of Wilson, Clemenceau and Lloyd George in the peacemaking process
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
What was the impact of the Treaty on Germany up to the end of 1923?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Note
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
The terms of the Treaty
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Could the Treaty be justified at the time?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Note
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Also include: contemporary opinions
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
To what extent was the League of Nations a success?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
How far did weaknesses in the League’s organisation and membership make
 failure inevitable?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
The League's Structure
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Covenant of the LoN had 26 articles that its members agreed to basically
 says: Discourage 
\series bold
aggression
\series default
; encourage 
\series bold
economic corporation
\series default
; encourage 
\series bold
disarmament
\series default
; improve 
\series bold
living and working conditions
\series default
 globally; 
\series bold
collective security
\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Assembly:
\series default
 Parliament with all member states, makes 
\series bold
recommendations
\series default
 to the council and member states, meets yearly, could 
\series bold
unanimously
\series default
 vote and decide on: admitting new members to the LoN, appointing new members
 to the Council, and the budget of the LoN
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Council: 
\series default
Smaller group that meets 4/year or more in emergencies; settles international
 disputes.
 Permanent members: Britain, France, Japan, Italy (1920–), Germany (1926–),
 who have vetos; temporary members: 4–9 countries elected by Assembly every
 2–3 years; may administer economic sanctions or muster an international
 force if agreed – note that these actions are still carried out by member
 states and are often against individual state interests
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Permanent Court of Justice:
\series default
 Advises members on legal issues; make judgements on issues between LoN
 members; interprets international treaties, intervenes in matters of internatio
nal law; 
\series bold
unable to enforce its decisions as the league has no military
\series default
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Mandates Commissions: makes sure that former German and AH colonies run
 smoothly; took charge of minority regions within other states created by
 the treaties; made sure that countries such as France and Britain acted
 in the interests of the people of the mandated territory rather than their
 own – not very effective though as the LoN is mainly under French and British
 control 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Danzig: The port is administered by an autonomous organization composed
 equally of Polish and Danzig members, with a chairman appointed by the
 Council of the League of Nations.
 Exercised direct League control over the former German city.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Saar: Officials appointed by the Council of the League; the members were
 to hold office for one year, although subject to removal at any time by
 the Council.
 The members are a mix of French citizen, native inhabitant, and three countries
 other than France or German.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Disarmament: The Disarmament Section was responsible, under the Treaty of
 Versailles, for the control of armaments in different countries, war production
 and sales of war materials.
 But...
 
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
USSR and Germany are not in the League 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Britain need to protect the colonials overseas 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
European countries do not like to see communism in USSR.
 Need a country armed as USSR to be against USSR 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Article Nine only states the circumstances of the disarmament instead of
 including any actions 
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Why did some major powers not join?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
USA 
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
A majority in the Senate thought that the League would drag their countries
 into future wars and disputes 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
American absence defanged the League, making it unable to effectively enforce
 its decisions 
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
No military presence – cannot create a formidable standing army, and so
 none was established; caused the League to be ignored in disputes, e.g.
 Corfu/Ruhe/Memel 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
No economic sanctions – any nation that the League placed sanctions on remained
 free to trade with the United States, which was the world’s largest economy;
 causes the League to be neglected, e.g.
 Italy at Abyssinia 
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
USSR 
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Radical policies of the new government—communist country and committed to
 overthrow the capitalism 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Russians themselves do not want to join the League because a number of the
 LoN assisted the counter-revolution during the Russian Civil War 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
In the League from 1934–1939 (and expelled for the invasion of Finland)
 
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Germany 
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Aggressor in WWI 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Banned until 1926 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Hitler's foreign policy took it out in 1933 
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Japan left in 1933 because of Manchuria 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Italy left in 1937 because of Abyssinia
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
What were the interests of the British and the French in the League?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Greatly weakened by WWI 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
No resources to fill USA's gap 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Britain was determined to maintain peace and encourage economic recovery
 after the war.
 British politicians, for example, were more interested in rebuilding British
 trade and looking after the British empire than in being an international
 police force.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
France’s main concern was still Germany: that Germany was still dangerous
 and wanted to keep it weak.
 It was worried that without an army of its own, the League was too weak
 to protect France from its powerful neighbour.
 It did not think Britain was likely to send an army to help it.
 This made France quite prepared to bypass the League if necessary in order
 to strengthen its position against Germany.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Note
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
This part needs expansion
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Which structural and circumstantial conditions made the League ineffective?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Unanimous voting meant that decisions were almost impossible
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Lack of army, see Corfu and Vilna 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
No USA, lack of political/financial/military backing 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
No Germany and Russia; makes disarmament hard, Russia still a threat with
 their Communism 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Self-interested Britain and France, see previous
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Closely associated with the ToV
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Had to defend the peace settlement which is unfair and gives it the air
 of being an organization for the benefit of the victorious powers, e.g.
 the disappointment in Ruhr and the inclusion of Germans in Poland and Czechoslo
vakia
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Remain of Conference of Ambassadors
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Enforce the Treaty of Versailles, overruled the League, undermine the authority
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Make some of the League’s decisions undermined 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Corfu: Italy insist the dispute be settled by the Council of Ambassadors,
 which finally announced an unfair decision of accepting Italy’s demands
 of compensation.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Teschen: Council of Ambassadors came to the decision rather than holding
 a relatively fair plebiscite 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Vilna: broken the League’s former law of condemning the Poles and instead
 directly awarded the Poles a city 
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Economic sanctions are met with conflict of interest Members of the League
 were worried that without America, they would not work, and it harms their
 own trade as much as the aggressors' 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
How successful were the League’s attempts at peacekeeping in the 1920s?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Syllabus: Vilna, 1920
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Disagreement between Lithuania and Poland.
 The people living in Vilna, the constitutional capital of Lithuania tended
 to be Polish.
 The League condemned the Poles and asked the withdraw of the troops, but
 no action was taken.
 The Conference of Ambassadors changed the decision and awarded the city
 to Poland.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This was a failure as the League had failed to prevent a clear act of aggression
, even if in the end Poland was found to have a strong case.
 It showed the self-interest of France and to a lesser extent Britain.
 France was more concerned about having Poland as a strong ally and Britain
 would not send troops as it would have little public support.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Syllabus: Aaland Islands, 1920–21
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The Aaland Islands belonged to Finland was populated mainly by Swedish.
 Decided that the islands belonged to Finland, but they had to ensure that
 they were demilitarized and to guarantee the rights of the Swedish population
 to retain their customs and language.
 Both sides abided by the agreement.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Syllabus: Corfu, 1923
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Italy believed the death of Tellini on Greece and Albania border was done
 by Greece and asked for compensation of 50 million liras.
 Greece refused.
 In response Italy bombed and sent 5,000 to 10,000 troops to occupy Corfu.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Italy did not accept action by the League in Corfu.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The League responded quickly and ordered Italy to leave Corfu.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Italy refused and demanded the question be passed to the Conference of Ambassado
rs, which was responsible for overseeing the peace settlement.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The Conference of Ambassadors also ordered Italy to leave Corfu, but agreed
 that Greece should pay compensation.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Initially the League gave a weak condemnation of Italy, suggesting that
 Greece should pay the money until the murderers were found then return
 it.
 The Council did not meet, and Mussolini used the Conference of Ambassadors
 to reverse the decision.
 Only when the money was paid did Mussolini remove his troops.
 Greece also had to have its government attend a state funeral for Tellini
 and perform a 21-gun salute to Italian warships.
 It had to accept a commission to investigate the murders and pay its costs.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This was the biggest failure of the 1920's it showed that the League could
 be made to look indecisive and be bullied by a large aggressive power.
 The self-interest of France was shown by them agreeing to not refer the
 matter to the Council, as they were worried the League would become involved
 in their occupation of the Ruhr.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Syllabus: Bulgaria, 1925
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In October 1925 there was an incident on the Bulgarian border (dog-chasing)
 and, as a result, a Greek military officer was killed.
 Bulgaria appealed to the League for help when it was invaded by Greece.
 A commission was sent which condemned the Greeks and told them to leave
 Bulgaria and pay 45,000 pounds.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Success in that the Greeks left Bulgaria and ended the war, but a failure
 in it showed there was a different rule for large countries (i.e.
 Italy in Corfu) than for smaller countries.
 The League was powerless to stop large countries.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Extra: Upper Silesia, 1921
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The area between Germany and Poland caused riots.
 Held a plebiscite.
 The result is that Germany won 60% of the vote.
 The results were largely ignored, mainly because large numbers of Poles
 had voted to be part of Germany (????? What the heck does this mean).
 Poland received 80% of the Heavy industry while Germany took the bulk of
 the land.
 Ended in 1925 and the relationship between Poland and Germany was deteriorated.
 Success in that the decision was accepted by both countries.
 It was a failure in that minority rights of the Germans were not followed
 by the Poles.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Extra: Mosul, 1924
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The League sent a fact-finding commission which reported that it belonged
 to the Iraq, a mandate of Britain.
 The Turkish accepted the result.
 It was a success that Turkey agreed to the agreement but a failure for
 the Kurdish majority that lived there as Iraq never fulfilled the promise
 they made about upholding their rights
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Extra: Teschen, 1919–20
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Czechoslovakia and Poland both believed they should control Teschen.
 Around 1,000 people were killed when fighting broke out between them in
 1919.
 Poland received the bulk of the territory but the areas with the coal mines
 were given to Czechoslovakia.
 140,000 Poles were in Czech territory and they lost control of the railway
 station and the Trinec Ironworks.
 The council of Ambassadors came to this decision rather than holding a
 Plebiscite.
 It was a success in that the decision ended the violence, but neither country
 accepted the decision, and it remained a source of tension right up to
 te Second World War.
 Poland refused to cooperate with Czechoslovakian in opposing Germany after
 Hitler came to power.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Extra: Memel, 1923
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The League decided to keep Memel as a free city (which 75%) of the population
 had voted for at the end of 1921.
 In November 1922, the Lithuanian President planned a local revolt to try
 and remove the French.
 On January 10 1923, just over 1000 Lithuanian militia men equipped by Germany
 joined 317 men revolting in the port.
 The Conference of Ambassadors ordered Lithuania to withdraw but Lithuania
 refused.
 Eventually the council decided that Lithuania could have the surrounding
 suburbs, but the port would be an 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

international zone
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
It was a success in that Lithuania accepted the decision but a failure in
 it showed the League could be forced to back down by a show of force, even
 from a country as weak as Lithuania.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Extra: Ruhr, 1923
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
By the end of 1922, Germany stated that they would miss the next reparation
 payment that was due.
 In response, the French and Belgians took control of the area because it
 was Germany's main industrial area.
 They were then able to take goods or resources from the Ruhr as a form
 of reparations.
 The terms of the Treaty of Versailles meant this was legal.
 France and Belgium sent in 60,000 French and Belgian soldiers, took over
 factories, mines and railways, took food and goods, arrested Germans, killed
 100, displaced 15,000, and forced 100,000 protesters to leave.
 Strikes in the industrial area caused the Germany economy to cripple.
 Printing money to pay the reparation caused serious hyperinflation.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
How important was the League’s humanitarian work?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Refugees
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Refugees Committee: Led by Fridtjof Nansen.
 To help the refugees from the first world war to settle down.
 Gave loans to promote self-help and assisted refugees in securing documents
 such as work and residence permits.
 It is estimated that in the first few years after the war, about 400,000
 prisoners were returned to their homes by the League’s agencies.
 When war led to a refugee crisis in Turkey in 1922, hundreds of thousands
 of people had to be housed in refugee camps.
 The League acted quickly to stamp out cholera, smallpox and dysentery in
 the camps.
 However, the Refugees Committee was constantly short of funds and its work
 became more difficult in the 1930s as the international situation became
 tenser and the authority of the League declined.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Health
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Health Committee: As well as collecting statistical information and spreading
 good practice, it sponsored research into infectious diseases at institutes
 in Singapore, London and Denmark.
 These institutes helped develop vaccines and medicines to fight deadly
 diseases such as leprosy and malaria.
 The Health Committee is generally regarded as one of the most successful
 of the League’s organizations and its work was continued after 1945 in
 the form of the World Health Organization.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Working conditions
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The International Labour Organisation, led by Albert Thomas, the permanent
 secretariat of the LoN, meets yearly 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Collects statistics about working conditions, persuade countries to accept
 suggestions 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Workers and employers voice out with their governments in their deliberations
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The International Labour Organization succeeded in banning poisonous white
 lead from paint and in limiting the hours that small children were allowed
 to work.
 It also campaigned strongly for employers to improve working conditions.
 It introduced a resolution for a maximum 48-hour week, and an eight-hour
 day, but a majority of members refused to adopt it because they thought
 it would cost their industries too much.
 The ILO was hampered by lack of funds and lack of power.
 It could not do much more than ‘name and shame’ countries or organizations
 that broke its regulations.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Slavery
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Slavery Commission: It helped free 200,000 slaves in British-owned Sierra
 Leone.
 It organised raids against slave owners and traders in Burma.
 It challenged the use of forced labour to build the Tanganyika railway
 in Africa, where the death rate among the African workers was a staggering
 50 per cent.
 League pressure brought this down to 4 per cent, which it said was ‘a much
 more acceptable figure’.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Misc
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Even in the areas where it could not remove social injustice the League
 kept careful records of what was going on and provided information on problems
 such as drug trafficking, prostitution and slavery.
 The League blacklisted four large German, Dutch, French and Swiss companies
 which were involved in the illegal drug trade.
 The League also made recommendations on practical problems such as marking
 shipping lanes and produced an international highway code for road users.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
How far did the Depression make the work of the League more difficult in
 the 1930s?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The Great Depression affected attitudes towards international relations,
 peace, aggression, and the League of Nations.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Attitude toward sanctions: Members of the League were not keen to impose
 economic sanctions because they were worried about losing trade.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The rise of extremism instead of capitalism: The poverty and unemployment
 in nations created by the Great Depression led to support for political
 parties that promised extreme solutions e.g.
 the Nazi party in Germany: 1928, 108 thousand to 1932, 850 thousand supporters
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The rise of militarism: Nations became more likely to use military force
 to protect their economies and trade.
 Japanese army began to behave more aggressively in 1931.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Attitudes towards territory: Nations wanted to find new resources and markets
 to boost their economies.
 This meant they were more likely to try and take land belonging to other
 countries, e.g.
 the Manchuria crisis 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Attitudes towards armament: The League was committed to disarmament, but
 also relied on member armies to help carry out its work.
 
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Governments were under pressure to cut spending on armies and weapons.
 The League's members didn't have the military power to deal with aggressors.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
As a result of the Great Depression, many governments, such as Germany's,
 turned to rearmament as a way of offering more stability and jobs in a
 time of crisis.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Subsubsection
The Abyssinian Crisis
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
The Manchurian Crisis
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\color red
Missing: The Manchurian and Abyssinian crisis
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
How far was Hitler’s foreign policy to blame for the outbreak of war in
 Europe in 1939?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
What were the long-term consequences of the Treaty of Versailles?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Made the LoN look less credible as it upheld a treaty that was seen as unfair.
 Britain abandoned France when it came to enforce the terms.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Hitler used discontent over the ToV terms to rise to power.
 Many Germans hated war guilt, disarmament, reparations, and losing colonies.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
What were the consequences of the failures of the League of Nations in the
 1930s?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Hitler's Plans
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1924 Mein Kampf: A book that laid out the Nazi’s plans after taking power,
 including mentioning that USSR/communists was their true enemy.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Abolish the Treaty of Versailles: The German leaders that signed it coined
 the “the November criminals”.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Expand German territory: Unite with Austria, get back land, German minorities
 in other countries like Czechoslovakia to rejoin Germany.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Regain all lost territory in the ToV, including 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Wanted to carve out an empire in eastern Europe to provide 
\emph on
lebensraum
\emph default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Defeat Communism and Bolshevism.
 He thinks that Bolsheviks brought the defeat of Germany in WWI
\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Wait, what, why?
\end_layout

\end_inset

, and that they wanted to take over Germany.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Rearmament
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Used rearmament to fight unemployment which was common practice, reintroduced
 conscription but got away with it.
 Left the LON.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Britain was sympathetic since they felt the military restrictions were too
 tight and thought Germany would be good buffer of Communism.
 Britain in 1935 already dismantled the Treaty by allowing Germany to increase
 its navy up to 35% of the British Navy.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
From 1932–39, the number of soldiers increased by more than 9 times, aircrafts
 by 230 times, and warships by 3 times.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
The Saar
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Saar region under control of LON since 1919
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1935: national plebiscite for people to vote whether region return to German
 rule or not, Hitler was wary, and LON pressured it into happening.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
However, propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels mounted massive campaign and
 it turned out to be a 90% staggering win for Hitler
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
This was a morale booster and Hitler later declared after the war that he
 had “no further territorial demands to make of France.” 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Remilitarisation of the Rhineland
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Rhineland DMZ designed to protect France from Germany, and Hitler moved
 his troops into Rhineland, directly breaking the Treaty.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Gamble; Hitler’s army was still no match for the French.
 They lacked essential equipment and air support.
 He would face humiliation and loose support of German army.
 But he could gain support of the military otherwise.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
France just signed a treaty with the USSR to protect each other from Germany.
 Hitler used this agreement and claimed that Germany was under threat from
 this, and should be allowed to have troops at frontier.
 France also was about to hold an election, and no one wanted to take their
 country into war.
 France also didn’t know how weak the Germany army was, and they refused
 to act without British support.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Many people in Britain felt that he had right to station troops at Rhineland.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
LON was occupied on the Abyssinian crisis.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Anti-communist alliance with Japan and Italy
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Winston Churchill described the 1930s as a “Gathering Storm”, 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Mussolini triumphed in Abyssinia and Japan was invading China.
 Hitler and Mussolini had many in common with the military dictatorship
 in Japan.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
They signed the “Anti-Comintern pact”, to oppose communism.
 The new alliance was called the Axis alliance.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
German and Italian involvement in the Spanish Civil War, 1936
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Civil war in Spain broke out between republican supporters and right-wing
 rebels under General Franco.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
USSR supported Republican in the form of weapons, aircrafts and pilots,
 Hitler and Mussolini supported Franco.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Britain and France refused to intervene directly.
 Although Germany and Italy also agreed to this, they blatantly did and
 sent many troops to Franco which included bombing raids on civilian populations.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Franco eventually won and right-wing dictatorship ruled Spain for next 36
 years.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The conflict strengthened bonds between Italian/German forces, gave them
 more combat experience.
 Non-involvement of the US and Britain became a further motivation for Hitler
 to overturn TOV, and a reason for USSR to be suspicious of Britain and
 France’s reluctance.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
By July 1936, Hitler had sent 6,000 rifles, nearly 500 machine guns and
 10,000 grenades over to the Nationalists.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Anschluss with Austria
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The people in Austria were mainly German, and many Austrians supported Union
 with Germany, since their country is economically weak.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
He tried to take over Austria in 1934 but was stopped by Mussolini.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Now, With Mussolini on his side, Hitler was ready to bring Austria and Germany
 together for a “Greater Germany.” Or an Anschluss.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Hitler told the strong Nazi party in Austria to cause havoc and demonstrations
 to argue for Anschluss.
 and then told the Austrian Chancellor Schuschnigg to agree to Anschluss.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Schuschnigg failed to receive support from Britain or France and had no
 choice byt to called for a plebiscite.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Hitler didn’t want to risk it, so he sent troops in Austria under the pretense
 of “trouble-free plebiscite”.
 The votes were a 99% for Anschluss in 1938.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Chamberlain thought TOV as unjust in separating them in the first place,
 and there was no military confrontation from France or Britain.
 Lord Halifax of Britain even suggested to Hitler that Britain will not
 resist the union before the Anschluss.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Hitler’s decisive and risky actions were rewarded and met with success again.
 They were rewarded with raw materials, soldiers, and weapons of Austria.
 Hitler broke yet another part of the treaty, and the pattern of Britain
 & France not going to war over a flawed treaty was becoming clear.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
The crisis over Czechoslovakia and the Munich Agreement
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Was the policy of appeasement justified?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Appeasement was justified!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Trusting Hitler: Aged badly, but appeasement was based on the mistaken idea
 that Hitler was trustworthy.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Fear of communism: Stalin and the spread of communism was the allies ‘major
 worry, not Hitler.
 Hitler was the buffer to the threat of spreading communism.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Memories of the Great war: Both British and French remember the consequences
 of WWI, avoid war at any cost.
 1.3 and 1.9 million died.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
German arms: Although Hitler claimed that he is trying to catch up with
 other countries in arms, other countries can clearly see they are better
 armed than Britain or France.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
British arms: The British government only began rearming in 1935, and intelligen
ce showed they were a bit behind from Germany.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
USA: US support in WWI was crucial to Britain’s victory, the policy of isolation
ism that American leaders carried out gave no guarantee that US will help.
 The US was determined to not be dragged into another European war.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The British empire: For Britain to start a war it needed support of countries
 in its empire or commonwealth, which was not guaranteed.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Economic problems: France and Britain had large debts from WW1, and huge
 unemployment from Depression.
 They could not afford a war.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Appeasement was wrong!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Make a stand: Hitler the gambler took increasing risks, the allies needed
 to stop him before he makes a bigger move.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The Soviet Union: Hitler openly discussed invading Russia, appeasement would
 send the message that Britain & France will not stand in his way.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Hitler’s allies: Italy and Japan already got away with acts of aggression.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
How important was the Nazi–Soviet Pact?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Why did Britain and France declare war on Germany in September 1939?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
The Polish crisis and the outbreak of war
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Part
The Cold War, 1945–75
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Who was to blame for the Cold War?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Why did the US–Soviet alliance begin to break down in 1945?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Note
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
The 1945 summit conferences and the breakdown of the US–Soviet alliance
 in 1945–46
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
The Grand Alliance:
\series default
 United Kingdom (Churchill), United States (Roosevelt), Soviet Union (Stalin).
 Allies during WW2.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
How had the USSR gained control of Eastern Europe by 1948?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Note
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Soviet expansion into Eastern Europe to 1948, and American reactions to
 it
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
How did the United States react to Soviet expansionism?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Note
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Soviet expansion into Eastern Europe to 1948, and American reactions to
 it
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
What were the consequences of the Berlin Blockade?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Note
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
The occupation of Germany and the Berlin Blockade
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Who was more to blame for starting the Cold War: the United States or the
 USSR?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Note
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Nato and the Warsaw Pact, etc.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
How effectively did the United States contain the spread of communism?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
The United States and events in Korea, 1950–53
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Note
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
American reactions to North Korea’s invasion of South Korea, the involvement
 of the UN, the course of the war to 1953
\begin_inset Note Note
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
The United States and events in Cuba, 1959–62
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Note
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
American reactions to the Cuban Revolution, including the Missile Crisis
 and its aftermath
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

The most serious incident in the Cold War
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
The arms race and nuclear deterrence
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Nuclear arms race for bigger nuclear bombs and longer-reaching missles
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Spying: USSR used spies, US used e.g.
 U2
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
US had short-range missiles in Turkey (CENTO)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
MAD, deterrant
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
The Cuban Revolution
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Batista 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Fidel Castro
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
American Response
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

The Bay of Pigs
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Impact
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
The October Crisis
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Khrushchev arms Castro
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
US discovery
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Blockade
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Vasily Arkhipov objected launching a nuclear torpedo while the other two
 officers on B-52 Soviet submarine thought that war had already broken out.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Negotiations and stuff
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Why did Khrushchev put missiles in Cuba?
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Bargaining power e.g.
 Turkey / close the missile gap
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Test the USA's strength
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Outcome
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Kennedy
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Improved reputation, resisted hardliners
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Had to remove missiles from Turkey in secret; NATO allies unhappy
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Had to accept communism in Cuba
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
USA originally criticized for having missiles in Turkey but not allowing
 in Cuba
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Khrushchev
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Highlight his role as a responsible peacemaker
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Kept Cuba safe from US invasion
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Got Kennedy to withdraw Turkish missiles; in secret, couldn't use for propaganda
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Humiliated; forced to back down in the crisis; removed from leader in 1964
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Still lagged behind the US in the arms race
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Cold War
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Hot line
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Thaw relations, more prepared to reduce the risk of nuclear war
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Castro
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Needed support of USSR, upset but had to accept the deal
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Still communist, highly armed for South America and Angolan Civil War
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Castro kept control of the American companies and economic resources he
 took in the revolution
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Subsection
American involvement in Vietnam, 1955–75
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Note
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
American involvement in the Vietnam War, including reasons for involvement,
 tactics and strategy, reasons for withdrawal
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_body
\end_document