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	pdftitle={IGCSE History Core Content Revision},
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\begin_body

\begin_layout Subject
IGCSE History (0470) Core Content
\end_layout

\begin_layout Title
Option B: The 20th Century
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subtitle
Revision for Examinations in 2024–2026
\end_layout

\begin_layout Author
Cynthia Jia, Katharina Mueller, Runxi Yu
\end_layout

\begin_layout Date
Updated in May 2024
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section*
Disclaimer
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In no event unless required by applicable law will any copyright holder,
 author, or any other party, be liable to you for damages, including any
 general, special, incidental or consequential damages arising out of the
 use or inability to use this document (including but not limited to loss
 of sanity or your knowledge being rendered inaccurate or losses sustained
 by you or third parties), even if such holder, author, or other party has
 been advised of the possibility of such damages.
 If the disclaimer and limitation of liability hereby provided cannot be
 given local legal effect according to their terms, reviewing courts shall
 apply local law that most closely approximates an absolute waiver of all
 civil liability in connection with this document.
\end_layout

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Copyright
\end_layout

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\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

{
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small
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doclicenseThis}
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\end_layout

\begin_layout Section*
Abbreviations
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
k = thousand, M = million, B = billion
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
G = Germany, F = France, B = Britain
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
E = East, W = West
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
C = casualties, D = deaths
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
S = summer, W = winter
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
FS = freedom of speech
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
w/ = with
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section*
Conventions
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Dates are generally YYYY/MM[/DD]
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Most things are abbreviated to fit on one line
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section*
Information
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The canonical version of this document uses the 9-point Cantarell font family,
 because it looks nice and familiar, there aren't licensing issues, and
 the document's line lengths are correct when typeset this way.
 Microtype is enabled with default options.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Repo: 
\begin_inset Flex URL
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

https://git.runxiyu.org/runxiyu/igcse.git
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

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\begin_inset CommandInset toc
LatexCommand tableofcontents

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\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Newpage clearpage
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
The Treaty of Versailles
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Motives and Aims
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Wilson, USA
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
150k deaths, £2B, became rich, far away
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Prevent further wars, treat G well
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Democracy, self-determination, 
\strikeout on
colonies
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Fourteen points
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Lloyd George, Britain
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
1M deaths, £8B, naval supremacy, colonies
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Not in immediate threat of G; English Channel
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Clemenceau, France
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
1.4M deaths, £5B, lost industry/land/pop
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Land border, wants to split Germany up
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Subsection
Terms of the Treaty
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
German war guilt
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
100k, no conscripts/tanks/air, 6 ships
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Demilitarized Rhineland
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Return Alsace-Lorraine, no colonies
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
And return to Den/Bel/Lith/Czech
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
1921: $33B, with 15 years of Saar coal to France
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Danzig, Polish Corridor, no Anschluss
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Impact on Germany
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Diktat, war guilt humiliation
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Destabilisation of the Weimar government
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Communist Freikorps under Kapp; Kapp Putsch seized Berlin
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Murder of foreign minister and finance minister
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Nazi Munich Putsch, Hitler arrested
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Dolchstoss / stab in the back myth
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Unable to pay reparations
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
British Blockade
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
1921/05: $33B too much for poor economy
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
60k F/Bel started taking output from the Ruhr, killed 140
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
1924/04: Dawes Plan lowered reps, US gives loans
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
1925/08: France withdrew from Ruhr
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Hyperinflation: $1 = 4000M marks, 2M strike, dead trade
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Was the Treaty justified?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Too harsh?
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Diktat, war guilt, reps
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
(Consequentially propelled Hitler)
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Not enough?
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Brest-Litovsk: 34% pop, 50% industry, 300M ruble
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1921 reps only cost 2% of annual production
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Not enough to protect France in the future
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Fair?
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
History of compromise in treaties
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Hyperinflation was the government's fault?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Consequentialism unfair for benefit of hindsight
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
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\backslash
pagebreak[4]
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\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
The League of Nations
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Structure
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Covenant: 26 articles
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
No aggression, disarmament, collective security
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Trade, living & working conditions
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Assembly: all member states, yearly
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Makes recommendations to the council
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Unanimously appoints council and admits new members
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Council: 4/year or more, settles disputes
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Permanent: B, F, Japan, Italy (20–), G (26–), with vetos
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Temporary members: 4–9 elected every 2–3 years
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Economic sanctions (interest conflicts) / muster a force
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Permanent Court of Justice: legal advice, judgements
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Unable to enforce decisions
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Mandates commissions: make sure mandates run well
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Makes sure that B/F runs mandates (lost from G/AH) according to the interests
 of the people living there, rather than their own interests
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Not effective as B/F controlled league
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Danzig: autonomous organization management
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Saar: yearly office, manages the region
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Disarmament: some obstacles:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Lack of USSR/G
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
B wants to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

protect
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 colonies
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Nobody likes the USSR
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Article Nine only states 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

disarm!
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 without actions
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Subsection
Lacking Membership
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
USA
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Senate wants independence from European wars
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Lack of USA makes league ineffective
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
No military presence
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
No economic sanctions
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
USSR
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Member of LoN opposed Russian Revolution, makes them mad
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Joined in 1934; expelled in 1939 for the invasion of Finland
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Germany
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Aggressor in WWI, banned until 1926
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Hitler took it out in 1933
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Japan: left in 1933, Manchuria
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Italy: left in 1937, Abyssinia
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
British and French Interests
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Britain
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Maintain peace, economic recovery/trade
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Empire
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
France
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Wants to keep Germany weak
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Subsection
Conditions for Ineffectiveness
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Unanimous voting
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Lack of Army
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
No US/G/USSR, lack of funding/military/disarmament
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
B/F self-interested
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Closely associated with the ToV, had to defend unfair terms
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Conference of Ambassadors undermines LoN's authority
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Corfu: Italy's insistence on the CoA
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Teschen: CoA instead of plebiscite
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Vilna: CoA awarded Poles a city
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Economic sanctions: conflict of interest
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Peacekeeping, 1920s
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Aaland Islands (Success) 1920–21
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Finnish land, Swedish people
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
LoN: Land to Finland, but demilitarized and self-governing
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Corfu (Failure) 1923
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Italy believes Greece killed Tellini on Greece/Albania border
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Italy asks for 50M liras, Greece refuses
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Italy bombs & sends 5k–10k troops to Corfu
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
League ordered Italy to leave
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Italy refused, demanded defedence to CoA
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
CoA ordered Italy to leave, but agreed for Greek compensation
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Only when the money was paid, Mussolini removed troops; Greece also had
 to have its government attend a state funeral for Tellini and perform a
 21-gun salute to Italian warships; Greece had to accept commission
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
League indecisive, bullied by large aggressive powers
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Vilna (Failure) 1920–29
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Lithuanian land, Polish people
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
LoN sides with Lithuania, CoA won for Poles
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
France was self-interested in having Poland as an ally
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Bulgaria (Success) 1925
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Greece soldier chases dog into Bulgarian land
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Greece invades Bulgaria, Bulgaria asked League
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Commission condemns Greece, Greece left, paid £45k
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Demonstrated that the League was ready to bow to powers
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Humanitarian work
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Health
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Statistics, education, sponsor research
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Leprosy, malaria, the Spanish Flu
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Most successful
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Work continued after 1945 as the WHO
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Refugees
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Nansen
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Self-help loans, assistance in securing permits/documents
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
400k POWs returned in the first few years
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1922: Acted well in Turkey war refugee crisis
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Constantly short of funds, worse in 1930s
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Working Conditions
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
International Labour Organization, Albert Thomas
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Statistics, persuasion, voice
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Banned white lead in paint, limited child labour, improved working conditions,
 introduced 48-hour weeks and 8-hour days (not accepted by most members)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Lacked funds and power
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Slavery
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Freed 200k in British-owned Sierra Leone
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Organized raids against slave owners and traders in Burma
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Anti force labour to build the Tanganyika railway, Africa
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Death rate was 50%, brought down to 4%
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Misc
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Careful records of drug trafficking, prostitution, slavery
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Blacklisted four large G/Dutch/F/Swiss corps in illegal drugs
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Recommendations on practical problems, intl.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

highway codes
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Subsection
The Great Depression and the 1930s
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Misc
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Less keen to impose sanctions
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Rise of extremism and the Nazi party (108k to 850k supporters)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Rise of militarism e.g.
 Japan 1931
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Attitudes towards territory and natural resources e.g.
 Manchuria
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Attitudes towards armament
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Peaceful nations cutting military spending to save economy
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
But some using military for expansionary fiscal policy
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Manchuria, 1931
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Japan hit hard, without natural resources
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
China lacked strong central government, vulnerable
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Civil war; rich in lumber, rubber, oil
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
1931/09/18: Explosion damaged Japanese railway in Mukden
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
J blamed C nationalists despite being planted by J military
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
J took 300km around Mukden, little resistance
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
J declared 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

autonomous state of Manchukuo
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Installed Emperor Puyi as the puppet ruler
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Chiang Kai-Shek reported to the LoN
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1932/10: Lytton Report issued: Japan was the aggressor
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
League accepted the report; Japan left the League
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Abyssinia, 1935–36
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Italy has always been interested in Abyssinia (1896)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1920s: Mussolini's Italy
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
I's colony of Somaliland close to Abyssinia
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1934/12: Wal-Wal, border region: 30 I, 90 Abyss died
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Mussolini demanded compensation
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
B, F selfishly involved without LoN
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Wanted to maintain friendship w/ I against G
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
League condemns w/ sanctions
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Ineffective: didn't ban oil/coal
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Britain kept open the Suez Canal (fearing Italian attacks on Malta/Gibraltar,
 British colonies)
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Hoare-Laval Pact: B, F promised I 2/3 of Abyss if war ends
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
League uninformed
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
155km
\begin_inset script superscript

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2
\end_layout

\end_inset

 Abyssinian land to Italy
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
8000km
\begin_inset script superscript

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2
\end_layout

\end_inset

 of Somaliland to Abyssinia for sea access
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Exposed; Hoare (B FM) & Laval (F PM) resigned; failed
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
1936/01: new I commander, fresh attack, mustard gas
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
LoN oil embargo rejected by F
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
World was distracted by Rhineland, Abyssinia falls
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1937/06/30: Abyssinia emperor Geneva emo speech
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1937/07: Sanctions abandoned
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1937/12: Italy withdrew from LoN
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The only occasion where LoN launched a full-scale security action, hampered
 by selfish B & F; nobody cared about the LoN after this
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
vfill
\backslash
pagebreak[4]
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Hitler's Foreign Policy
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Long-term ToV Consequences
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1M Germans in Poland etc., want to return
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
ToV bitterness used as a tool
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1922 Treaty of Rapallo (G, USSR), both claimed Polish land
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
F/B disagreement on ToV
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
B wants trade, F wants full protection
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Hitler's Foreign Policy Aims
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
1924 Mein Kampf
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Remove ToV (rearm, Rhine, Anschluss, Sudeten, Prague, Memel, Danzig, Polish
 Corridor)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Lebensraum from Russia
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Third Reich, eugenics (Aryan/Slavs/Jews/etc)
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Subsection
Consequences of 1930s LoN Failures
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Disarmament Conference
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Geneva: failed to reduce anything
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Nobody wanted to give guarantees
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Hitler wanted rearmament, left LoN 1933
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Manchuria: League powerless
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Abyssinia
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
League can't claim 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

too far to care
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
F/B selfish hypocrites
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Anti-Comintern Pact (I, G, J)
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Subsection
Hitler's Actions and Appeasement
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Rearmament
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Expansionary fiscal policy, anti-unemployment
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Secret at first
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1935 rearmament rally, conscription, got away
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Anglo-German Naval Agreement: 35%
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
From 1932–39, the number of soldiers increased by more than 9 times, aircrafts
 by 230 times, and warships by 3 times.
 
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Saar
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
End of the LoN's 15-year control: 1935 plebiscite
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Free and fair vote, 90.3% return to Germany
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Rhineland remilitarisation
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
1936/03: 22k G troops entered
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Most G generals opposed
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
F public worried about provoking another war
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Falsely feared strong German forces
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
B public indifferent
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Hitler just stayed in
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
The Anti-Comintern Pact, 1936–1937
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
1936/10: Rome–Berlin Axis (ideology, dictatorship…)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1936/11: G/J Anti-Comintern Pact; I joined in 1937
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Anschluss, 1938
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Mussolini stopped it in 1934, but they're friends now
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Chancellor of Austria wanted independence
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Hitler made demands
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
1938/03/09: Chancellor took initiative, called referendum
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
When Hitler knew: immediate invasion
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
April 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

supervised
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 plebiscite 99.75%
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1st significant use of military
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
The Spanish Civil War, 1936–39
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
1936 broke out: Hitler aids Franco ($215M by 1939)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1936/07–10: 13523 troops, 270t supplies; from north Africa
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Proved decisive
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
I sent 80k troops, 1.8k cannons, 3.4k mguns, 157 tanks
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
B, F stayed out; worried USSR
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Practiced Luftwaffe @ Guernica, Blitzkrieg
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Britain and France's Reaction
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Chamberlain's appeasement: avoid war
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Kept peace temporarilty but boosted Hitler's confidence
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Appease while rearming to prepare for war
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia, 1938
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
3.5M Germans in Sudetenland adjacent to Germany
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Sudeten Germans claimed to suffer discrimination
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1938/03/28: Hitler told Henlein (leader of Sudeten Germans)
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

make demands for home rule
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (wasn't accepted by Benes)
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
09/12: Hitler speech about discrim and displacement
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Caused uprising
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
15: Chamberlain met Hitler
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
22: Chamberlain 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

secured approval from all 3 governments
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
22: Hitler wants German troops to take over immediately
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Chamberlain horrified, mobilised B navy and F army
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Munich Agreement (B, F, I, G, 1938/09/29)
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Sudetenland to G; plebiscites for mixed populations
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Benes forced to agree
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
USSR lost trust of B/F, international enragement
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Czechoslovakia, 1939
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
1939/03/15: German troops entered Prague
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Seized gold and hard currency, weapons, mines
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
500 tanks and 1600 aircraft
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Conquered 7M Czech people
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Exposed territorial ambition, not just reuniting Germans
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Consequences
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
B/F public opinion pivot; broke appeasement
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1939/02: Chamberlain announced defense for France, Poland, Romania, and
 Greece
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
B/F Rearmament increased
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1939/04: Hitler abandoned Anglo–German Naval
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Signed Pact of Steel
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Subsection
The Nazi–Soviet Pact
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Stalin wasn't invited to Munich; mistrusts B/F
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Must make his own deal with Germany
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
1939/08/23: Nazi–Soviet pact
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
10-year non-aggression, trade, spheres of influence, Poland
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Pact of convenience
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Poland and the Outbreak of War
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1939/03: Memel from Lithuania, pressuring Poland
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1939/09/01: Hitler invades Poland
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
B/F honored agreement to defend Poland
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
09/03: Chamberlain radio announcement
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Start withdrawing by 11 o'clock or war
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Surprised Hitler
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
vfill
\backslash
pagebreak[4]
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
The Cold War's Beginning
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
begin{tcolorbox}[colback=red!5!white,colframe=red!75!black,title={Warning}]
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

We didn't review for this unit, so it's not that concise; and as always,
 this is for reference only.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
end{tcolorbox} 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Battle of Berlin
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Race to Berlin (1945/04–05)
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Stalin pushed troops across Europe
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Aim: reach Berlin before B/US do
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Both forces raced to Berlin
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Soviets were successful in surrounding the city 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Both forces met in Torgau (04/25)
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Fall of Berlin
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
On 04/30 Hitler ended his own life 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
On 05/02 Berlin fell into soviet hands
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Subsection
Yalta
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Big Three
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Agreements
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Split Germany into zones (B/F/US/USSR)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Stalin joined the war against JP
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
UN established 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Eastern Europe should have free elections and were under the Soviet Sphere
 of Influence (later formed COMINFORM: Communist Information Bureau)
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Disagreements
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Poland: “Buffer-Zone”
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Churchill and Roosevelt didn’t want the USSR to control elections
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Poland
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Brit entered WWII in 1939 to defend Poland
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Now, Stalin wanted Poland to expand further West to become a “buffer zone”
 between Germany and the USSR
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Subsection
Potsdam
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Disagreements
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Truman / Stalin (ideological differences separated later, Hitler as their
 common enemy kept them together)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Stalin wanted Ruhr (exploitation of labour and resources) (Ruhr is to this
 day one of the biggest industrial areas)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Reparations: Stalin wanted more while Truman was rather hesitant (he wanted
 Germany back as a trading partner)
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Agreements
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
De-Nazify Germany
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Take War Criminals to Trial
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Germany was governed by the Allied Control Council in Berlin 
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Subsection
Containment
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Prevent non-communist countries from becoming communist
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Truman thought people would turn to communism if they were broke, so he
 decided to spoil them
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Marshall Aid: $17B was given out 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Stalin refused to let the Soviet bloc accept aid, he was scared that they’d
 form a closer bloc to Western powers 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
He did see the dependence on $ but also the spread of the communist ideology
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Truman saw the establishment of US goods 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
A step to let Europe embrace free market capitalism
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Prevent another economic depression
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
The Berlin Blockade
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Jan 1947: Marshall Aid available to the Western Zones
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
June 1948: New Currency, Stalin refused to accept
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Stalin’s response is the Berlin Blockade
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Own currency
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Cut off supply routes: Canals / Highways / Rail
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Expected Truman to announce withdrawal from Berlin
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
The Berlin Airlift
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
11 months, 300,000 flights, 2 mil tons of fuel/food / other supplies
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Stalin realised his failure and lifts the blockade in May 1949
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon) with other European Communist
 States
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Tied all economies to Moscow (as a response to the Marshall Aid)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Consequences
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation): 12 nations, West Germany joined
 and the response was the Warsaw Pact (1955, soviet defensive alliance)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Federal Republic of Germany: May 1949, Western Zones Merged
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
German Democratic Republic: East Germany 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Proxy Wars: crisis in Berlin, two powers shouldn’t go to war against each
 other so they held Proxy wars
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Subsection
Who should we blame?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
USSR – Yes
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Broke Yalta: set up communist government in Poland
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Red Army: pro-Soviet regime
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Cominform created: Eastern European Communist Countries controlled in Moscow
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Berlin Blockade
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
USSR – No
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Suffered hugely after WWII
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Eastern Europe is under the soviet sphere of influence
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Truman’s atomic bomb - Could Western leaders be trusted?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
USA – Yes
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Truman was more of an anti-communist than Roosevelt
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Atomic Bomb
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The doctrine of Containment isolated the Soviets
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The US supported anti-communist forces in the 1947 Greek civil war
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Marshall Aid: spread capitalist ideologies
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Bizonia in 1947 (economic merger between US/Brit occupation zones)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Currency
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Invasion of Czechoslovakia (1948)
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
USA – No
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Marshall Plan was to respond to soviet aggression 
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
vfill
\backslash
pagebreak[4]
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Containment
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
The Korean War
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To some extent, the factual accuracy of the information here is disputed
 by historians.
 The information in this section is based on the textbook for the 2024–2026
 syllabus by Cambridge University Press, as it likely most accurately reflects
 the views of the Principal Examiner.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Background
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Freed from Japanese control
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
38th parallel – USSR north, US south
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
North: Kim Il-Sung, South: Rhee
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Kim asked Stalin to authorize invasion in 1949
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Rejected cuz Berlin Blockade
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
1950/06/25: N invades S (China's revolution support)
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
200k (10k trained in USSR, 40k fought in China CW)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Soviet weapons e.g.
 T-34 tanks
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
South: poorly trained/equipped, < 100k, retreats, Seoul fall
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Deeply divided, Rhee was not that popular
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
UN: China represented by Chiang
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
USSR was protesting so they couldn't come to the council
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
1950/06/27: US + 15 countries army, 5 countries medical
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Proof that the UN was effective
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Liberating the South
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Rhee surrounded in Pusan
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Ill-prepared US troops couldn't help directly
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
MacArthur sea landing further north @ Inchon
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Successful despite concrete sea wall
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
1950/10: Back to 38th; 
\series bold
containment successful
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Rollback
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
MacArthur won argument vs.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Truman
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
China sent 500k
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Chinese Counter-attack
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Cold weather jammed guns, diminishing US advantage
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Aerial support from Russian MiG-15s, better than US
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1950/11: MacArthur retreats
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1951/01: China captures Seoul
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
MacArthur suggests nukes, Truman rejected
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
(Atlee 1950 meeting)
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Stalemate and Peace Talks
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
1951 UN counter-attack back to 38th
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
MacArthur publicly announced intent to push north
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Sacked by Truman (but Truman was unpopular)
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
1951/07: Discuss peace
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Most conflicts on POWs 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Half of 130k NK stayed
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Half of US died 1950–51
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Op.
 Big Switch: 770k NK/CN for 12.7k UN
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Eisenhower office 1953; Khrushchev leader
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Ceasefire 1953/07/27 accepted by all but Rhee
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Not armistice though
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Casualties
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Civilian: 3M (10%)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
NK: 406k
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
SK: 217k
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
CN: 500k (Mao main victor)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
US: 43k
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
UN: 4k (incl UK 1.5k)
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
pagebreak[3]
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
The Cuban Missile Crisis
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

The most serious incident in the Cold War
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
The arms race and nuclear deterrence
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Bigger nukes, longer-reaching missiles
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Spying: USSR used spies, US used e.g.
 U2
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
US had weak short-range missiles in Turkey (CENTO)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Mutually assured destruction, deterrent
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
The Cuban Revolution
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
1959: Castro overthrows Batista (US support) with guerillas
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Let the USA keep Guantanamo Bay
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Trade treaties with the USSR and received weapons
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Castro nationalised $1B US investments incl.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

oil refinaries
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Eisenhower started trade embargo incl.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Sugar, oil
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
The Bay of Pigs
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
CIA trained 1.4k Cuban exiles
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Falsely assumed Castro was unpopular and poorly armed
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1961/04: Exiles landed, defeated easily as plans were leaked
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Castro had 20k soldiers with Soviet tanks
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
The October Crisis
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
1962/S: Khrushchev introduced nukes while promising not
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1962/10/14: U2 discovered silos
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
22: JFK informs B and TV, blockade
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
23: Khrushchev: 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

We'll try to sail through you
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
25: US provides evidence at UN conference
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
26: USSR ships turn back before reaching blockade
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
26: Khrushchev offers withdraw, condition no invasion
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
27: U2 shot down, pilot killed
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Khrushchev offers withdraw if US withdraws from Turkey
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
US offers removing Turkey missiles in secret
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
28: Khrushchev accepts
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Vasily Arkhipov objected launching a nuclear torpedo while the other two
 officers on B-52 Soviet submarine thought that war had already broken out.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Outcome
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Kennedy
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Improved reputation, resisted hardliners
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Had to remove missiles from Turkey in secret
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
NATO allies unhappy
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Had to accept communism in Cuba
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
USA originally criticized for having missiles in Turkey but not allowing
 in Cuba
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Khrushchev
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Responsible peacemaker
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Kept Cuba safe from US invasion
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Got Kennedy to withdraw Turkish missiles in secret
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Humiliated; backed down; replaced by Brezhnev 1964
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Still lagged behind the US in the arms race
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Cold War
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Hot line
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Thaw relations, more prepared to reduce MAD risk
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Castro
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Needed support of USSR, upset but had to accept the deal
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Still communist, highly armed for South America and Angolan Civil War
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Castro kept control of the American companies and economic resources he
 took in the revolution
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
pagebreak[3]
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
The Vietnam War
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
The French War in Vietnam
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
France lost Vietnam to Japan during WW2
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Ho Chi Minh declared independence, France wants it back
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Mao supplied arms to the Viet Minh
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
France got $2.6B from the US but failed, withdrew 1954/03
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1954 Geneva Agreements (refused by US)
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Divide Indo-China into NV, SV, Laos, and Cambodia
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
All foreign troops withdraw
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Elections in 1956
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
1956: Eisenhower persuaded Diem to not hold elections because the communists
 would probably win; Diem was deeply unpopular because of religion, corruption,
 etc.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
The Viet Cong's Tactics and the Fighting Conditions
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
National liberation front
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Guerilla tactics; trapped tunnels with schools & hospitals
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The Ho Chi Minh Trail
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The US's modern effective was ineffective
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Disease, jungle conditions, etc.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
US Involvement
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
1961–62: 16k advisors sent to help Diem
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1963: Buddhist protests; CIA stages coup, kills Diem
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
LBJohnson believes in Domino, expands operations
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1965: VC attacks US base at Pleiku
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Op.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Rolling Thunder expands (Napalm, Agent Orange)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Westmoreland made Johnson send ground troops
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
S&D missions to destroy VC-related villagers
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1968: US claimed that victory was close...
 while the Tet Offensive almost captured the US embassy and anti-war protests
 increased
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
The My Lai Massacre
\series default
 (1968/03)
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Company of US soldiers S&D'ed village, killing 374, burned
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
No VC found
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Ended when US helicopter threatened to shoot the soldiers
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Kept secret for a year; commanding Lt.
 Calley found guilty
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Nixon's War
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Vietnamisation: less US, more SV soldiers
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Extended bombings into Cambodia secretly, Kent protests
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Op.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Linebacker I and II: heaviest aerial bombardments yet
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Peace talks made progress by 1972 but were slow
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1973 Paris Peace Accords
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
US withdraw in 60 days
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Return of POWs
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Clearing mines
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Ceasefire
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
1973/01: US troops withdraw
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1974/03–1975/04: NV invasion, SV falls
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Casualties and Effects
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
SV: 2.5M civ; 300k tortured in re-education camps
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
NV: 650k, VC: 1M, US: 58k
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1.5M escaped in boats to HK/AU
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
US Congress: War Powers Act
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Economy messed by bombing, cancer from chem
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Why did the US lose the Vietnam War?
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Military factors
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Domestic morale
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
This isn't even containment
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
vfill
\backslash
pagebreak[4]
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
USSR Control over Eastern Europe
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Background
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Difference within communists:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Most: embrace the USSR
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Few (e.g.
 Yugoslavia): independence
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Khrushchev
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Criticized Stalin in 1956 speech, shocked people
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
(Removed in 1964)
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Subsection
Hungary
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Background
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Strongly Catholic, powerful Church
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Austro-Hungarian Empire
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Communists lost 1945 elections
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Stalin rigged 1947
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Rakosi
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Censorship
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Taxes for troops that the people don't want
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Erasure of national identity
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Low living standards
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
20% support rate, questionable elections
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Show trials: 100k Hungarians to labor camps
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1953: Stalin died, position weakened
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1953: 
\end_layout

\end_inset

USSR troops withdrew from Austria
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Replaced by 
\series bold
Gero
\series default
 during the protests
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Rajk
\series default
 (foreign minister) executed; for allegedly plotting to kill Rakosi
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Mindszenty
\series default
 (head of the Hungarian Catholic Church) sent to jail; for opposing communism
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Stage 1
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
1956/Kh, Poland Poznan uprising, 100 deaths
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Moderates agreed w/ Kh to not leave Warsaw
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Hungarian students protested in sympathy, expanded, Rajik replaced by Gero
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Rajik's funeral became a 200k protest at Budapest, students tore down a
 Stalin statue
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Hungarian soldiers took the side of the protesters
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Khruschchev surrounded Budapest but didn't attack
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Allowed Nagy to become PM and pass some reforms
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Irm Nagy
\series default
 (new leader, reformist)
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Made the Red Army withdraw
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Promised FS, dem elecs
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Released political prisoners
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
People still weren't satisfied, affected by Radio Free Europe
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Secretly executed in 1958 for:
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Stage 2
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
1956/11/1: Nagy: ``we'll withdrawl from Warsaw''
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
11/4: Kh sent 200k men and 400 tanks
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
C: USSR 700, Hungarian 3k–30k
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
B, F involved in Suez Crisis, couldn't help
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Nagy replaced by Janos Kadar for next three decades
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Subsection
Czechoslovakia
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Background
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Created in 1919 out of Au-Hu
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Economically strongest out of Eastern Europe
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Weakened by the Munich Treaty / Hitler
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Felt abandoned by the West
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Communists won a majority in 1946
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Not in power, but in control of police & army
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Struggled to maintain popularity
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Harsh economic situation in the winters of 1946–47
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Stalin ordered a complete government takeover by force
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Foreign minister Masaryk 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

fell from a window
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
PM Gottwald blamed the West & banned political expression
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Opposition to Soviet Rule
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Czechs were generally more restrained
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Complaints were more common by 1966, aware of Hungary
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Aim: relax, not end, communism
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1967: Protests to remove party leader
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1968/01: Replaced by Dubcek
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Prague Spring
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
FS, free travel to the West, free business, worker's council reforms, free
 elections
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Brezhnev dislikes, visited, and prepared the military
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Dubcek turned to Romania and Yugoslavia for support
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Soviet Invasion
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Brezhnev sent 200k troops and 2k tanks to capture Prague
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Far less violent than Budapest, but 72 deaths
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Dubcek arrested, not executed; returned in 1989
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Consequences
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
150k escaped into Austria and Germany
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Chinese was furious
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Brezhnev Doctrine
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Brezhnev used Warsaw instead of Soviet troops
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Attempt to demonstrate Eastern European unity
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Subsection
The Berlin Wall
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
The East German Condition
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
1961 population: fallen to 17M (the only falling one in E Europe)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
2.8M escaped via West Berlin, harming economy etc.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1958/11: Khrushchev demanded the West withdraw f/ Berlin
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Eisenhower suggested UN control
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
1959/09: Khrushchev visits the USA to talk, success!
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
The U2 Incident
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
U2 specs: 70k ft with narrow HD photos
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Too high for USSR to touch, but one shot down 1960/05
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Eisenhower: 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Weather plane that went off-track
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Khruschev cancalled 1960 Paris meeting
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
JFK took precedency in 1961
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
The 1961 Vienna Summit
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
(Context: Bay of Pigs epic failure)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
K: 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

I want peace but if you want war that is your problem!
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
JFK: 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

It will be a cold winter.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (gives $3.25B to military)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
JFK: 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

We week peace but we shall not surrender.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (TV)
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Building the Wall
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Khrushchev met with Ulbricht (EG leader)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
13 August 1961: Barbed wire and concrete pillars etc.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Checkpoint Charlie was the only place from East to Westue
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
166km, 1.8m+, fortified, mined
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Anti-Fascist Defense Wall
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Kennedy didn't act
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Condemns in public, but didn't hate it (immigration/job issues)
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
The Crisis of October
\series default
 – 16 hours in October 1961
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
US official & wife denied entry to East Berlin
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
General Clay outraged, sent tanks to Checkpoint Charlie
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Kennedy: 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

I'll withdraw if you do
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 — both sides withdraw
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Subsection
Solidarity in Poland
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Background
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
1952 population 26M 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
95% Catholic
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1956 protests made Gomulka leader
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1970 protests made Gierek leader (food inflation)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1979 population 35M
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
USSR gives $3B/y financial assistance
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1980/S large strike in Gdansk (food inflation), 45D
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Replaced by Kania
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Soviets occupied in Afghanastan, also costs money
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Solidarity
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Lech Walesa forms Solidarity, soon grows to 9M
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Government banned it, but the supreme court™ disagrees!
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Pensions and pay improved, trade unions and strikes ok
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Brezhnev considered sending troops, but instead:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Removed Kania and appointed Jaruzelski (military)
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
1981: Jaruzelski declares martial law
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Drowned striking miners, imprisoned Solidarity etc.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Walesa released at public pressure
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
1984: Solidarity priest dies, public enraged
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1988: Nationwide strikes break economy
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1989/06: Free elections held
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Solidarity won 99/100 of the senate
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
1990: Walesa elected president
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Why did Solidarity succeed?
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Cost of living, incentive to change
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Pope John Paul II was a hero in Poland
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Coordinated, organization, 9M is a lot
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Strong backing from Ronald Reagan nd Thatcher (B)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
USSR leadership crisis: Brezhnev died in 1982
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Andropov died in 1984, Cherneko died in 1985
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
USSR commited in Afghanistan from 1979–89
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Subsection
Gorbachev's Responsibility
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Stuff
\series default

\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Became leader, 1985
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Perestroika: free businesses
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Glasnost: FS, press, elections
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Foreign policy: meeting Reagan/Thatcher in 1985/86
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Reducing nukes, ending war in Afghanistan
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Destroyed 2692 missiles
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Ending the Brezhnev Doctrine
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
1988/12: Announced to UN: withdrawl of forces in E Europe
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Consequences
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Eastern European countries must deal with uprisings alone
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Hungary opened its borders with Austria, pierced Iron Curtain
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Solidarity won Polish elections
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The Baltic Chain formed on 1989/08/23, USSR human rights
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Tallinn, Riga, Vilnius linked by 675km chain of 2M people
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Honecker (EG) removed 1989/10, replaced with Krenz
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
1989/11/09: 2M Berliners flooded the wall
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Czechoslovakia: Velvet Revolution, Havel elected in 1990
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Hungary: Kadar resigned in 1988
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Reagan
\series default
 (some long-term causes)
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Boycotted the 1980 Moscow Olympics
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Soviets boycotted the 1984 LA Olympics
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
1983 speech: 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

evil empire
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


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\begin_layout Itemize
1981–86: Increased defense from $179B to $370B
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\begin_layout Itemize
Strategic Defense Initiative / Star Wars
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\begin_layout Itemize
Korean jet short down by Soviet planes in 1983
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\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
US reactions insanely loud, USSR almost expected nuke
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\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Communism collapsed across E Europe in 1990.
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\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
USSR collapsed 1991/12
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\end_deeper
\begin_layout Section
\start_of_appendix
Exam Technique
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\begin_layout Standard
I don't think there's a lot to say here.
 There's the obvious:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Answer part (a) questions with 4 bullet points: time, people, what happened,
 data e.g.
 casualties.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Answer part (b) questions with 2 well-explained paragraphs.
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\begin_layout Itemize
I don't think there has to be a set structure to part (c) questions.
 The new syllabus does 
\series bold
not
\series default
 require 2 arguments on each side.
 For most questions, I'd go with 2 paragraphs on one side and 1 paragraph
 on the other.
 Do whatever fits the question.
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\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
The traditional 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

list your arguments and evaluate them with one extra paragraph
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 methods works, but I don't think it is the most helpful structure in exams.
 Please 
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do not
\series default
 try to fit every essay in this style.
 It is perfectly valid to start from scratch and explain it how you want
 to—it's okay to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

evaluate each argument right after you wrote it (instead of a separate concludin
g paragraph)
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, it's okay to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

chain your arguments together with ‘but’ statements
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, etc.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Also, I find the pattern 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $X$
\end_inset

 was the trigger for 
\begin_inset Formula $O$
\end_inset

, but 
\begin_inset Formula $Y$
\end_inset

 was a more underlying reason
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to be 
\emph on
very
\emph default
 useful.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard

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\begin_inset Note Comment
status collapsed

\begin_layout Subsection*
\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset

Copyright Acknowledgements
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\begin_layout Plain Layout

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Figures
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\begin_layout Enumerate
\begin_inset Argument item:1
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:cuba-teeth"
plural "false"
caps "true"
noprefix "false"

\end_inset

.
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\end_inset

 Edmund Valtman; The Editorial Cartoons of Edmund S Valtman 1961–1991; Esto
 Incorporated; 1991.
 Extracted via 
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pdfimages
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 from 
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0470_s14_qp_21.pdf
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.2
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